Objective Questions

Light microscopes can resolve structures about __________ nm apart.

Electron microscopes can resolve structures about __________ nm apart.

A __________ light microscope uses two or more lenses.

A __________ Electron Microscope (TEM) transmits electrons through a specimen.

A __________ Electron Microscope (SEM) beams electrons onto a specimen's surfac…

In a liver cell (hepatocyte), the largest compartment by volume is the ________…

Mitochondria occupy about __________% of the cell volume.

The nucleus occupies about __________% of the cell volume.

The internal volume of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, is the __________.

Cytoplasm = __________ + cytosol.

The __________ is a jelly-like substance where metabolic reactions occur.

It is composed of water, salts, and organic/inorganic __________.

All cells possess a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and _________…

The plasma membrane defines the __________ of the cell.

Membranes serve as __________ barriers.

Membranes are sites for specific functions, like __________ transport.

__________ proteins regulate the movement of substances.

Membrane proteins can act as __________ to detect external signals.

Membranes provide mechanisms for cell-to-cell contact, adhesion, and __________.

The __________ model, proposed by Singer and Nicolson, best explains membrane s…

Membranes are composed of Lipids, Proteins, and __________.

Phospholipids have a polar __________ group and two hydrophobic tails.

Tails can be __________ (straight) or unsaturated (with kinks from cis-double b…

The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, ve…

The ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the __________.

The membrane sacs are called ER __________.

__________ ER has ribosomes and transports proteins.

__________ ER is a site for lipid and steroid synthesis.

The five ER subdomains are: Nuclear envelope, Rough ER, Transitional ER, Mitoch…

The Golgi complex is named after __________.

It consists of flattened, membrane-bounded sacs called __________.

Usually, there are __________ cisternae per stack.

In the Golgi, proteins from the ER undergo further __________ and sorting.

The Golgi complex makes __________.

The term mitochondrion comes from Greek: "Mitos" meaning thread and "__________…

It is the __________ of the cell.

It is the primary site of __________ synthesis via oxidation.

Mitochondria are surrounded by __________ membranes.

The __________ and matrix contain enzymes for energy metabolism.

Mitochondria play a key role in __________ (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria reproduce by __________.

Their size is about __________ μm in diameter.

Mitochondria are __________ organelles that can move, fuse, and divide.

The nucleus is the __________ organelle and the control center.

It regulates __________ expression.

The primary function is to regulate metabolism, growth, and __________.

Within the nucleus, the __________ is responsible for rRNA synthesis.

__________ carry genes, the units of heredity.

The nucleus is surrounded by a double-membrane __________.

This envelope is continuous with the __________.

The nucleus stores genetic material organized into __________.

It regulates transport via __________ pores.

It produces __________ RNA (mRNA) during transcription.

It produces __________ RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus.

It controls DNA uncoiling and __________.

"Lyso" means "to __________ down."

Lysosomes are __________-derived organelles.

They contain __________ (digestive) enzymes.

They function as the __________ system of the cell.

They maintain an acidic internal pH of about __________.

They play a key role in __________, breaking down old organelles.

Failure of a lysosomal enzyme leads to __________ storage diseases.

An example is __________ disease, caused by lipid accumulation in brain cells.

Peroxisomes contain __________ enzymes.

They break down __________ acids into sugars.

They detoxify substances like __________.

They produce __________ peroxide (H₂O₂) as a byproduct, broken down by catalase.

__________ Vacuoles are found in plant and fungal cells.

They can occupy over __________% of the cell volume.

They are surrounded by a single membrane called the __________.

Functions include storage, defense, and maintaining __________ pressure.

They store pigments like red/blue __________.

__________ vacuoles form by phagocytosis.

__________ vacuoles, found in protists, pump out excess water.

"Chloros" means __________ and "Plastos" means formed.

Chloroplasts are __________ membrane-bound organelles.

They are responsible for __________.

They are present mainly in __________ cells of leaves.

They contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments called __________.

The chlorophyll-containing membranes are called __________.

These are stacked to form __________ (singular: granum).

Grana are connected by __________ lamellae.

The __________ contains circular DNA and 70S ribosomes.

__________ contain carotenoid pigments for yellow/orange/red colors.

__________ are colorless plastids for nutrient storage.

__________ store starch (e.g., in potatoes).

__________ store proteins.

__________ store oils and fats.

What is the term for the process by which the embryo undergoes differentiation …

What is the term for the layer of cells that forms the inner layer of the embry…

What is the term for the layer of cells that forms the middle layer of the embr…

What term describes a level of organisation that contains only one species?

Which of the following is ordered correctly from largest to smallest?

What is the result of the process of organogenesis?

Which of the following constitute the two Greek words from where the word Ecolo…

What is the term for the layer of cells that forms the outer layer of the embry…

What is the result of the process of cleavage?

What is the result of the process of gastrulation?

The interactions among non-living environment is called:

Which of the following is not a member of physical environment?