Test Compilation BIO 102 5

Study Summary: Biology Fundamentals & Specific Topics

This document covers a range of biology questions, from basic definitions and classifications to specific processes and structures in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Here's a structured summary of the key information:

I. Fundamental Biology & Classification

• Macronutrients: Polysaccharides are a type of macronutrient.
• Plant Kingdom: The plant kingdom is classified as Eukaryotic.
• Multicellularity: Higher plants are characterized by being Multicellular.
• Eukaryotic Definition: Eukaryotic refers to cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Cell Distinction: A plant cell can be distinguished from an animal cell by its rigid cell wall.
• Autotrophic Plants: Autotrophic plants produce their own food through photosynthesis.
• Animal Nutrition: Animals are not autotrophic; they are heterotrophic (e.g., carnivorous, herbivorous).

II. Plant Biology

• Plant Growth: Plant growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size and mass.
• Growth Location: The part of the plant where growth mainly occurs is the Meristem. Specifically, apical meristem is responsible for primary growth.
• Adaptations for Dryness: The waxy cuticle and lignin are compounds providing adaptation for dryness in plants.
• Chlorophyll Location: Chlorophyll is usually found in the leaves.
• Flower Parts: Essential parts of a flower include the ovary. The ovary develops into the fruit after fertilization. (Note: "Water is essential for fertilization" is a process requirement, not a part of the flower itself).
• Plant Reproductive Structures: Plants having both male and female sporangia (or flowers) are termed Monoecious.
• Pollination: Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
• Anther Structure: Each anther is typically made up of 4 pollen sacs.
• Alternation of Generation: This process involves a diploid sporophyte phase and a haploid gametophyte phase.
• Zygote Formation: A zygote is a product of gametes fusion.
• Plant Reproduction Methods: Both sexual and asexual reproduction methods are possible in plants.
• Cross-Pollination Conditions: Conditions supporting cross-pollination include protandry, dioecious plants, and monoecious plants. Polygyny does NOT support cross-pollination.
• Plant Hormones: Abscisic acid is a hormone that promotes seed dormancy.
• Phototropism: The bending of a plant towards light is caused by unequal growth on both sides (differential growth).
• Plant Gamete Terminology: A male gamete is an antheridium (biologically, antheridium *produces* male gametes, not is the gamete itself, but this is the provided answer).
• Plant Kingdom Scope: The Plant Kingdom encompasses a wide range of flowering trees and other plant forms.

III. Animal Biology

• Diploblastic Animals: Porifera (sponges) are examples of diploblastic animals. They are also an exception to triboblastic embryonic stages.
• Open Circulatory System: A mollusc possesses an open circulatory system.
• Heterotrophs (Diet): Heterotrophs that feed mainly on fruits are called frugivorous.
• Cephalization: Cephalization (formation of a distinct head) does NOT occur in Sea anemones.
• Animal Segmentation: The animal phylum Cnidaria does NOT have segmentation.
• Food Intake Reasons: Animals take in food for growth, energy, and maintenance. "Maintenance of poor health and reproduction" is NOT a reason for food intake (reproduction is, but poor health is not).
• Sea Stars & Urchins: Sea stars and sea urchins use tube feet to acquire their food.

IV. Human Biology & Physiology

• Haemoglobin Formation: Iron is a mineral salt required for the formation of haem in haemoglobin.
• Respiratory Organ (Arachnids): A book-lung is a type of respiratory organ used for atmospheric gas exchange in arachnids (e.g., scorpions, spiders).
• Respiratory System Function: The respiratory system is essential for providing oxygen for cellular functions and removing carbon dioxide as a waste product of metabolism.
• Gas Exchange Location: The actual location where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs in the lungs is the alveoli.
• Upper Airway: The bronchi are NOT part of the upper airway of the lung (they are part of the lower airway).
• Pulmonary Circulation: Pulmonary circulation occurs when de-oxygenated blood is pumped away from the heart to the lungs.

V. Microbiology & Virology

• Traditional Subdivisions: Traditional Subdivisions (Phyla/Classes) can be part of bacterial classification. Major phyla can include groups of bacteria like Proteobacteria, Firmicutes.
• Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles: The lytic cycle involves immediate replication and destruction of the host, whereas the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage).
• Virology (Species): In virology, the term "Species" (e.g., Human herpesvirus 1) refers to the specific type of virus.
• Antiviral Drugs: Examples include Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir, and Antiretrovirals.
• Vaccines: Examples of vaccines include Live attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, and mRNA vaccines.

VI. Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction occurs when one organism carries out reproduction.
• Reproduction Methods: Types of reproduction methods include Asexual, sexual, and vegetative propagation.

VII. Scientific Experiments/Concepts

• Boysen-Jensen Experiment: Boysen-Jensen used an agar block or mica to separate the tip from the lower part of the coleoptile.