Test Compilation BIO 102 7

BIO102 Study Summary: Core Concepts in Biology

This document provides a series of questions and answers covering fundamental topics in biology, including carbohydrates, plant biology, human anatomy and physiology, microbiology, and animal diversity.

I. Carbohydrates

• The most complex class of carbohydrates is Polysaccharides.

II. Plant Biology

• Evolutionarily, related groups in plants are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
• The irreversible increase in size and mass in plants is called Growth.
• The type of cell division on the root and shoot tips is called Apical meristem.
• The stage when a seed begins to grow into a new plant is called Germination.
• In autotrophic nutrition, where primitive autotrophic prokaryotes used chemical (glycolytic) energy to make carbohydrates from H2S and CO2, it is known as Chemosynthetic nutrition.
• Regarding motility, Plants are sedentary.
• In plants, the sporophytic phase is diploid.
• The plant that reproduces through leaves is Bryophyllum.
• The waxy cuticle and lignin are compounds for adaptation for dryness.
• The greatest challenge of land plants is access to water.
• When the plant sexes are borne in different plants, the situation is called Dioecious.
• The structure that carries the male organ is Pollen grains.
• Chlorophyll is usually found in the leaves.
• The best description of plant growth is An irreversible increase in mass and sizes.
• Higher plants are characterized by being Multicellular.
• Plants are all of the following except Anisocytic (this refers to a type of stomata, not a general plant characteristic).
• Each anther is made up of 4 pollen sacs.
• The calyx is composed of structures known as Sepals.
• Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through the formation of Gametes.
• A modified underground stem used for asexual reproduction is Rhizomes.
• The process by which pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma of the same plant is called Autogamy.
• The structure that develops into the seed after fertilization is the Ovule.
• The structure that develops into the fruit after fertilization is the Ovary.
• A plant having both male and female flowers is said to be Monoecious.
• Plants having male and female sporangia are Monoecious.
• Production of different types of spores is called Heterospores.

III. Human Anatomy and Physiology

• The lower airway of the lung does not include the Pharynx.
• The oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the Pulmonary vein, and the heart pumps it throughout the body.
• The respiratory system is essential for providing Oxygen needed for cellular functions and removing carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism.
• The Coronary circulation provides blood supply to the muscles of the heart.
• The upper airway of the lung does not include the bronchi.

IV. Microbiology, Immunology, and Virology

• The type of vaccine that uses a weakened form of the pathogen is called Live attenuated.
• Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles describes immediate replication and destruction of the host vs. integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage) for bacteriophages.
• Horizontal Gene Transfer is the integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage). It is also a mechanism for bacteria to acquire genes from other bacteria.
• An example of a Viral Species is Human herpesvirus 1.
• Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir, and Antiretrovirals fall under the category of Antiviral Drugs.
• A list that includes only types of vaccines is Live attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, mRNA.
• Plants are NOT a major group of microorganisms.
• An example of a viral genus is Simplexvirus.
• Drugs used to treat fungal infections are Antifungal Agents.

V. Animal Kingdom

• A characteristic that is NOT found in members of the animal kingdom is Possession of cell wall.
• The organism that is NOT a fluid feeder is the Frog.
• Hydra uses Tentacles to acquire food.
• The group of animals that do not have locomotory organs are Poriferans (sponges).
• Coelomates have a Body cavity.
• Most animals in their embryonic stages are triboblastic except Porifera.
• Sea stars and sea urchins use tube feet to acquire their food.
• An example of a diploblastic animal is Porifera.
• A type of respiratory organ used for atmospheric gas exchange, found in arachnids like scorpions and spiders, is the book-lung.

VI. General Biology Concepts

• Binary Fission is a method of bacterial reproduction.
• Yes, Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis.
• Yes, Sugars and oxygen are end-products of photosynthesis.
• Maltose and lactose are examples of Disaccharides.
• Vitamin B is not a fat-soluble vitamin (Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat-soluble).