Test Compilation BIO 102 8

Study Summary: Biology Quiz Questions

This summary covers various biology topics, including microbiology (viruses, bacteria), plant biology (reproduction, growth, hormones, structures), animal biology (circulation, symmetry, feeding, reproduction, classification), and basic biochemistry.

Microbiology & Virology

• Viral Genus: An example of a viral genus is Simplexvirus. (Family: Herpesviridae, Species: Human herpesvirus 1).
• Virus Classification: A characteristic feature used in virus classification is Symmetry types (e.g., icosahedral, helical).
• Viral Replication Cycles: Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles (for bacteriophages) are described as Immediate replication and destruction of host versus Integration of viral DNA into host genome (prophage).
• Viral Family: The taxonomic level "Herpesviridae" belongs to the Family.
• Antiviral Drugs: Examples include Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir, Antiretrovirals.
• Antifungal Agents: These are Drugs used to treat fungal infections.
• Bacterial Reproduction: The primary mode of reproduction for bacteria is Binary Fission.
• Horizontal Gene Transfer: The mechanism that allows bacteria to acquire genes from other bacteria is Horizontal Gene Transfer (e.g., Integration of viral DNA into host genome via prophage).
• Antibiotics: Effective against Bacteria.

Plant Biology

Plant Structures & Reproduction

• Seed Development: After fertilization, the Ovule develops into the seed.
• Fruit Development: After fertilization, the Ovary develops into the fruit.
• Male Reproductive Part of Flower: The male reproductive part of a flower is called the Stamen.
• Pollination: Involves the transfer of pollen from Anther to stigma.
• Reproductive Organ in Plants: The primary organ of reproduction in flowering plants is the Flower.
• Plant with both Male and Female Flowers: A plant having both male and female flowers on the same individual is said to be Monoecious.
• Natural Asexual Reproduction: Can be achieved through stems, roots, and leaves, but not Flowers.
• Spore Types: The production of different types of spores (e.g., microspores and megaspores) is called Heterospores.
• Sporophytic Phase: In plants, the sporophytic phase is diploid.

Plant Hormones & Growth

• Seed Dormancy Hormone: Abscisic acid promotes seed dormancy.
• Cell Elongation Hormone: Auxin is primarily responsible for cell elongation.
• Plant Growth Definition: Plant growth is best described as an irreversible increase in mass and sizes.
• Primary Growth: The part of the plant responsible for primary growth (increase in length) is the Apical meristem.
• Factors Affecting Plant Growth: Water, Light, and Temperature affect plant growth. Sound does not.
• Phototropism: The bending of a plant towards light is caused by More growth on the shaded side (due to auxin distribution).

Other Plant Concepts

• Plant Reproduction by Leaves: Bryophyllum reproduces through leaves.
• Terrestrial Plant Adaptations: The waxy cuticle and lignin are compounds for adaptation to dryness / water retention and structural support.
• Greatest Challenge for Land Plants: The greatest challenge of land plants is access to water.
• Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis. Sugars and oxygen are end-products of photosynthesis.
• Cross-Pollination: Conditions that support cross-pollination include Dioecious plants, Protogyny, and Protandry. Monoecious plants can also self-pollinate, making it an "except" in contexts emphasizing strict cross-pollination promotion. "Polygyny" is often used in animal mating systems, so it might be an incorrect option in a botanical context for this type of question.

Animal Biology

Circulation & Respiration

• Circulation in Organism: The liver is not primarily associated with the circulatory system itself, unlike the heart, lungs, and blood vessels.
• Respiratory System in Insects: The respiratory system in insects is called the tracheal system.
• Non-Respiratory Organ: The liver is not an organ of respiration (unlike spiracles, lungs, and gills).
• Coronary Circulation: Provides blood supply to the muscles of the heart.
• Respiratory Gas Exchange: The respiratory system provides oxygen for cellular functions and removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism.
• Diploid Zygote Formation: The diploid zygote forms at fertilization.
• Pulmonary Circulation: Occurs when deoxygenated blood is pumped away from the heart to the lungs.
• Vertebrate Circulation: Vertebrate circulation is a closed circulation system.
• Oxygenated Blood Return to Heart: Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
• Deoxygenated Blood to Lungs: Deoxygenated blood is brought to the lungs from the heart by the pulmonary artery.

Nutrition & Body Composition

• Animal Body Weight (Water): Water forms 75% to 95% of the body weight of animals and determines the concentration of salts and metabolites.
• Protein Digestion Product: The end product of protein digestion is amino acid.
• Saprotrophic Nutrition: Food is obtained by absorption from dead organic material.
• Frugivorous: Heterotrophs that feed mainly on fruits are frugivorous.
• Animal Metabolism: Every cell in the body needs to receive oxygen and nutrients.
• Animal Nature: Animals are not Autotropic (they are heterotrophic).
• Fluid Feeder: A frog is NOT typically a fluid feeder (aphids, mosquitoes, leeches are).

Animal Classification & Anatomy

• Animal Characteristics: All animals are Multicellular.
• Bilateral Symmetry: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) have bilateral symmetry.
• Asymmetry: Sponges do not have symmetry.
• Animals without Locomotory Organs: Poriferans (sponges) do not have locomotory organs.
• Animals with Exoskeleton: Beetles, snails, and grasshoppers have exoskeletons. Tilapia (fish) have endoskeletons.
• Animals without Digestive Tracts: Sponges lack a digestive tract.
• Coelomate: A Kangaroo (mammal) is a coelomate (possesses a true body cavity).
• Coelomates Characteristic: Coelomates have a Body cavity.
• Herbivorous Mammals Dentition: In herbivorous mammals, the upper incisors have been replaced with a horny pad.
• Carnassial Teeth: The last upper premolar and the first lower molar teeth form carnassial teeth.
• Endoskeleton: A Dog has an endoskeleton.

General Biology Concepts

• Nutrition Definition: The process of photosynthesis by which green plants digest food materials and assimilate it into their system is NOT a definition of nutrition in the general sense.
• Sexual Reproduction: Involves Both male and female gametes are involved, and typically requires Two organisms (or genetic material from two sources).
• Reproduction Methods: Types include Asexual, Vegetative propagation (a type of asexual), and Sexual. Therefore, All of the above encompasses these general types.
• Zygote Formation: A zygote is a product of Gametes fusion.
• Disaccharides/Oligosaccharides: Maltose and lactose are examples of oligosaccharides (specifically disaccharides).
• Scientist & Phototropism: Boysen-Jensen demonstrated that a chemical signal travels from the tip to the growing region in phototropism.