Test Compilation BIO 102 9

Study Summary: Core Biology Concepts

This document presents a series of multiple-choice questions covering fundamental concepts in Biology, including Virology, Plant Biology, Animal Biology, Human Anatomy & Physiology, and General Biochemistry. The summary below extracts key information and correct answers from these questions, organized by topic.

I. Virology and Microbiology

• Viral Classification & Taxonomy:
  • Human herpesvirus 1 belongs to the virus family Herpesviridae.
  • An example of a viral genus is Simplexvirus.
  • A characteristic feature used in virus classification is Symmetry types (e.g., icosahedral, helical). The viral family Herpesviridae is classified based on such symmetry types.
  • Viral species can be identified (e.g., Human herpesvirus 1).
  • A classification based on genome type and replication strategy applies to viral families like Herpesviridae.
• Viral Life Cycles:
  • Lysogenic refers to the Integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage).
  • Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles (for bacteriophages) are described as Immediate replication and destruction of host versus Integration of viral DNA into host genome (prophage).
• Antiviral Drugs & Vaccines:
  • Examples of Antiviral Drugs include Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir, and Antiretrovirals.
  • Antibiotics are NOT antiviral drugs.
  • Examples of Vaccines include Live attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, and mRNA types.
  • A type of vaccine that uses a weakened form of the pathogen is a Live attenuated vaccine.
• Bacteriology:
  • The primary mode of reproduction for bacteria is Binary Fission.
  • Antibiotics are effective against Bacteria.
  • A mechanism that allows bacteria to acquire genes from other bacteria is Horizontal Gene Transfer. An example of this is the integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage).
  • Major phyla can include groups of bacteria like Proteobacteria, Firmicutes.
• Microorganism Groups:
  • Plants are NOT typically considered a major group of microorganisms.

II. Plant Biology

• Plant Growth & Development:
  • The irreversible increase in size and mass in plants is called Growth.
  • Plant growth is best described as An irreversible increase in mass and sizes.
  • The name of the stage when a seed begins to grow into a new plant is Germination.
  • The type of cell division on the root and shoot tips occurs in the Apical meristem. The apical meristem is responsible for primary growth in plants.
  • The greatest challenge of land plants is access to water.
  • Factors that do not affect plant growth include Sound.
  • The waxy cuticle and lignin are compounds for adaptation for dryness.
  • The bending of a plant towards light (phototropism) is caused by More growth on the shaded side.
• Plant Reproduction:
  • The organ of reproduction in plants is the Flower.
  • Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through the formation of Gametes.
  • Natural methods of asexual reproduction can be achieved through roots, leaves, and stems, but NOT primarily through Flowers.
  • A modified underground stem used for asexual reproduction is a Rhizome.
  • An example of asexual reproduction in plants is Budding.
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction methods are possible in plants.
  • The process by which pollens from an anther is transferred to the stigma of the same plant is called Autogamy.
  • Pollination involves the transfer of pollen from Anther to stigma.
  • Cross-pollination can occur in various ways but isn't exclusively tied to Monoecious plants (which can also self-pollinate).
  • Plants having male and female sporangia on the same plant are called Monoecious.
  • Land plants produce Microspores and megaspores (heterosporous).
  • The Ovule develops into the seed after fertilization.
  • The Ovary develops into the fruit after fertilization.
  • An example of a plant that reproduces through leaves is Bryophyllum.
• Plant Anatomy & Structure:
  • Chlorophyll is usually found in the leaves.
  • Each anther is made up of 4 pollen sacs.
  • The calyx (outermost whorl of a flower) is composed of structures known as Sepals.
  • The essential parts of the flower must contain the ovary (part of the pistil).
  • The function of the filament (part of the stamen) is analogous to the Style (part of the carpel/pistil).
  • The male reproductive part of a flower is called the Stamen.
  • The female reproductive part of a flower is called the Pistil.
  • The main purpose of protecting the embryo is to avoid desiccation.
• Plant Kingdom General:
  • The plant kingdom is Eukaryotic.
  • The Plant Kingdom encompasses A wide range of forms, from microscopic algae to flowering trees.
  • Higher plants are characterized by being Multicellular.
  • Evolutionarily related groups in plants include Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
  • In alternation of generation, there are two phases (sporophyte and gametophyte).

III. Animal Biology

• Animal Characteristics & Classification:
  • Animals are not Autotropic (they are heterotrophic).
  • All animals are Multicellular.
  • Characteristics of members of the animal kingdom do NOT include the Possession of cell wall.
  • Most animals in their embryonic stages are triploblastic except Porifera (sponges, which lack true tissues or are diploblastic).
• Animal Body Plans & Symmetry:
  • Animals that have bilateral symmetry include Platyhelminthes (flatworms).
  • The animal Phylum that does NOT have segmentation is Phylum Cnidaria (e.g., jellyfish).
  • The group of animals that do not have symmetry are Sponges (Porifera).
  • An example of a diploblastic animal is Porifera (or Cnidaria, if Porifera are considered parazoa).
  • A Kangaroo is a coelomate animal.
• Feeding Mechanisms & Digestion:
  • Hydra uses tentacles to acquire food.
  • Sea stars and sea urchins use tube feet to acquire their food.
  • Flukes and leeches use an oral sucker to acquire food.
  • A reason animals take in food is NOT for the maintenance of poor health and reproduction.
  • In saprotrophic nutrition, food is obtained by absorption from dead organic material.
• Skeletal Systems:
  • Animals that have exoskeletons include Beetles, Grasshoppers, and Snails. Tilapia (fish) do NOT have an exoskeleton.
• Respiratory Systems:
  • The book-lung is a type of respiratory organ used for atmospheric gas exchange, found in arachnids (scorpions and spiders).
  • Gills consist of threadlike structures called gill filaments, and each contains a capillary network called gill lamella.
• Mammalian Dentition:
  • The last upper premolar and the first lower molar teeth form carnassial teeth, with sharp and pointed cusps for cutting or crushing bones.

IV. Human Anatomy & Physiology

• Respiratory System:
  • The upper airway of the lung does NOT include the bronchi or pharynx. (Pharynx is typically upper, bronchi lower. Conflicting info in different questions. Assuming bronchi and pharynx are lower/not upper). Specifically, the lower airway of the lung does NOT include the pharynx.
• Circulatory System:
  • The coronary circulation provides blood supply to the muscles of the heart.
  • Deoxygenated blood is brought to the lungs from the heart by the pulmonary artery.
  • The oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
  • Vertebrate circulation is referred to as a closed circulation system, where blood remains within tubes.
  • The lungs are not considered a primary circulatory organ (though they are integral to pulmonary circulation).
  • Every cell in the body needs to receive oxygen and nutrients.
• Nutrition & Biochemistry:
  • Water forms 75% to 95% the body weight of animals and determines the concentration of salts and metabolites in body fluids and for enzymes.
  • Iron is the mineral salt required for the formation of haem in haemoglobin.
  • Vitamin B is not a fat-soluble vitamin (it is water-soluble).

V. General Biology & Biochemistry

• Cell Biology:
  • Eukaryotic means cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
  • Vacuoles in cells (especially plant cells) are for storing water and nutrients and maintaining turgor pressure.
• Nutrition Types:
  • In chemosynthetic nutrition, primitive autotrophic prokaryotes used chemical (glycolytic) energy to make carbohydrates from H2S and CO2.
• Biochemistry (Carbohydrates, Lipids):
  • The most complex class of carbohydrates are polysaccharides.
  • The condensation of one molecule of glycerol with three molecules of fatty acids forms a triglyceride, which is a lipid.
• General Reproduction:
  • Asexual reproduction occurs when one organism carries out reproduction.
• Pharmacology:
  • Antifungal Agents are drugs used to treat fungal infections.