Test Compilation BIO 102 10

Study Summary: Biology Questions

This summary covers various topics in biology, including plant and animal characteristics, reproduction, classification, nutrition, virology, and basic cell biology, as presented in the provided multiple-choice questions.

I. Plant Biology and Reproduction

* **Plant Sexes (Q1, Q4, Q10, Q36):** * A plant bearing both male and female flowers or sporangia on the same plant is called **Monoecious**. * When the plant sexes are borne on different plants, the situation is called **Dioecious**. * **Asexual Reproduction in Plants (Q5, Q11, Q15, Q36, Q40):** * **Rhizomes** are modified underground stems used for asexual reproduction (e.g., ginger, iris). * Artificial methods of asexual reproduction include **stem cutting, grafting, and layering**. **Gametes** are involved in sexual reproduction, not asexual. * Natural methods of asexual reproduction can be achieved through specialized structures on **leaves, roots, and stems**. **Flowers** are primarily involved in sexual reproduction. * **Budding** can be a form of asexual reproduction in some plants (e.g., yeast, some plant parts like potato eyes) where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud. * **Alternation of Generations (Q9):** * In alternation of generation, there are **two phases**: the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid). * **Plant Hormones (Q31, Q22_page30):** * **Abscisic acid (ABA)** is the hormone that promotes seed dormancy and helps plants tolerate drought. * **Plant Adaptations (Q13, Q33):** * The greatest challenge for land plants is **access to water**. * The **waxy cuticle and lignin** are compounds that serve as **adaptations for dryness**, preventing water loss and providing structural support, respectively. * **Phototropism (Q12, Q35):** * **Phototropism** refers to the **growth toward light**. * The demonstration that a chemical signal (auxin) travels from the tip to the growing region in phototropism was pioneered by **Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin**, and later elucidated by **Boysen-Jensen** and **Frits Went**. (Note: The provided options for Q12 did not include these scientists; Linnaeus, Mendel, and Lamarck are known for other significant biological contributions). * **Plant Kingdom Characteristics (Q16, Q32):** * The plant kingdom is **Eukaryotic**, meaning its cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. * The Plant Kingdom encompasses a **wide range of forms, from microscopic algae to flowering trees**. * **Sexual Reproduction in Plants (Q24, Q32_page26):** * Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through the formation of **spores** (in sporophytes) or **gametes** (in gametophytes) leading to zygote formation. * After fertilization, the **ovule** develops into the seed. * **Germination (Q39_page29):** * The stage when a seed begins to grow into a new plant is called **germination**. * **Chlorophyll Location (Q30, Q11_page22):** * Chlorophyll, the pigment essential for photosynthesis, is usually found in the **leaves** of plants. * **Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell (Q34):** * A plant cell can be distinguished from an animal cell by its **rigid cell wall**.

II. Animal Biology and General Biology

* **Body Cavities (Q2, Q21):** * **Coelomates** (animals with a true coelom) have a **body cavity** (coelom) derived from mesoderm. * An example of a coelomate is a **Kangaroo** (a mammal). Cnidarians and Sponges are typically acoelomate or diploblastic. Worms (e.g., annelids) can be coelomate. * **Exoskeletons (Q17):** * Animals like snails (molluscs), beetles (insects), and grasshoppers (insects) possess exoskeletons. **Tilapia** (a fish) has an endoskeleton, not an exoskeleton. * **Embryonic Development (Q18):** * Most animals in their embryonic stages are **triploblastic** (having three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). **Porifera** (sponges) are an exception as they are diploblastic (two germ layers). * **Locomotory Organs (Q37):** * **Poriferans** (sponges) are sessile and generally do not have locomotory organs. Platyhelminthes, Annelids, and Birds all have various forms of locomotion. * **Segmentation (Q13_page23):** * Among the given phyla, **Phylum Cnidaria** (e.g., jellyfish, corals) typically does not exhibit segmentation. Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata are known for segmentation. * **Digestive Tracts (Q21_page30):** * **Sponges** lack true tissues and organs, including a digestive tract. Starfishes, Platyhelminthes, and Cnidarians all possess some form of a digestive system (though it may be incomplete). * **Circulatory System (Q33_page27, Q14_page23):** * An organism that possesses an **open circulatory system** is a **mollusc**. In an open system, blood (hemolymph) flows freely around organs. Cows, birds, and fish have closed circulatory systems. * The **liver** is not directly a primary component of the circulatory pump or exchange (like heart, lungs, blood vessels), although it plays a vital role in processing blood. * **Animal Kingdom Characteristics (Q26):** * Characteristics of members of the animal kingdom include being **heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular**. Animals **do not possess a cell wall** (which is characteristic of plants, fungi, and some prokaryotes). * **Sexual Reproduction (Q40):** * Sexual reproduction fundamentally involves **two organisms** (or gametes from two different sources) to combine genetic material.

III. Nutrition and Feeding Strategies

* **Heterotrophic Nutrition (Q23, Q31_page26):** * **Saprotrophic** nutrition is where food is obtained by absorption through the cell or body surface from dead organic material or dead organisms. * **Fluid Feeding (Q38):** * An organism that is NOT a fluid feeder is a **frog**. Frogs are active predators that typically engulf their prey. Aphids, mosquitoes, and leeches are known for feeding on fluids (plant sap, blood). * **Filter Feeding (Q28, Q12_page22):** * **Filter feeding** is a form of food procurement in which food particles or small organisms are randomly strained from water. * **Specialized Feeding Adaptations (Q25, Q19_page25):** * Flukes and leeches use an **oral sucker** to acquire food. * **Dietary Classifications (Q16_page24):** * Heterotrophs that feed mainly on fruits are classified as **frugivorous**. * **Cellular Needs (Q20_page25):** * Every cell in the body needs to receive **oxygen and nutrients** to carry out metabolic processes and generate energy.

IV. Carbohydrates

* **Complexity (Q3):** * The most complex class of carbohydrates are **polysaccharides** (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen), which are long chains of monosaccharide units. * **Disaccharides/Oligosaccharides (Q29, Q37_page28):** * **Maltose and lactose** are examples of **disaccharides**, which are a type of **oligosaccharide** (carbohydrates composed of a small number of monosaccharide units, typically 2-10).

V. Virology and Antibiotics

* **Lysogenic Cycle (Q6):** * **Lysogenic** refers to the **integration of viral DNA into the host genome** (forming a prophage or provirus), where it can replicate along with the host cell's DNA without immediately destroying the host. * **Viral Classification (Q7, Q22):** * **Simplexvirus** is an example of a viral **Genus**. (Human herpesvirus 1 is a species within this genus, and Herpesviridae is the family). * Human herpesvirus 1 belongs to the virus family **Herpesviridae**. * **Antibiotics vs. Antivirals (Q8, Q14):** * **Antibiotics** are effective against **bacteria**. * **Antibiotics** are **NOT an antiviral drug**. Antiviral drugs (like Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir) target specific viral processes. Herpesviridae is a viral family, not a drug. * **Vaccine Types (Q20):** * A **live attenuated** vaccine uses a weakened form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response. * **Genome Type and Replication Strategy (Q19):** * This question likely refers to systems like the **Baltimore classification**, which classifies viruses based on their genome type (DNA/RNA, single/double-stranded, sense) and replication strategy. The provided options (Immediate replication and destruction of host, Herpesviridae, Live attenuated/Inactivated/Subunit/mRNA, Human herpesvirus 1) do not directly represent such a classification system.

VI. Human Physiology

* **Haemoglobin (Q39):** * **Iron** is the mineral salt required for the formation of haem in haemoglobin, which is responsible for oxygen transport in the blood. * **Mammalian Dentition (Q34_page27, Q35_page27):** * In herbivorous mammals, the **upper incisors** have often been replaced with a **horny pad** (dental pad), aiding in gripping vegetation. * **Carnassial teeth**, specialized for shearing flesh, are formed by the **upper premolar and lower molar**.

VII. Photosynthesis

* **Carbon Dioxide (Q15_page23):** * **Yes**, carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis as a raw material. This summary aims to clarify each question and its correct answer within the context of basic biology.