Test Compilation BIO 102 13

Biology Study Summary

This summary covers key concepts in Plant Biology, Animal Biology, Microbiology, and General Biology, derived from the provided questions.

I. Plant Biology

• Flower Anatomy:
  • The function of the filament is to a stamen as the Style is to a carpel.
  • The male reproductive part of a flower is called the Stamen.
  • The corolla is composed of structures known as Petals.
• Plant Reproduction:
  • Sexual reproduction in plants occurs through the formation of Gametes.
  • Modified underground stems used for asexual reproduction include Rhizomes.
  • Plants that reproduce through leaves include Bryophyllum.
  • An example of asexual reproduction in plants is Budding.
  • Both sexual and asexual reproduction methods are possible in plants.
  • Plants having male and female sporangia (on the same plant) are called Monoecious.
  • The process by which pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma of the same plant is called Autogamy.
  • The male gametangium (structure producing male gametes) is the Antheridium.
• Plant Growth & Development:
  • The stage when a seed begins to grow into a new plant is called Germination.
  • The type of cell division occurring at the root and shoot tips is associated with the Apical meristem.
  • Plant growth is best described as an irreversible increase in mass and sizes.
  • Sound is a factor that does not typically affect plant growth.
• Plant Hormones:
  • The hormone primarily responsible for cell elongation in plants is Auxin.
  • The hormone that promotes seed dormancy is Abscisic acid.
• Plant Physiology & Tropisms:
  • Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis.
  • Phototropism in plants refers to growth toward light.
  • Boysen-Jensen demonstrated that a chemical signal travels from the tip to the growing region in phototropism.
  • In Darwin's experiment, the Tip of the coleoptile was covered to stop phototropism.

II. Animal Biology

• Respiration:
  • The book-lung is a type of respiratory organ found in arachnids (e.g., scorpions and spiders).
  • The liver is not considered a primary organ of respiration.
  • The actual location for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is the alveoli.
• Circulation:
  • Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
  • The liver is not directly associated with the circulatory mechanism (unlike heart, lungs, blood vessels).
  • An organism that possesses an open circulatory system is a mollusc.
• Feeding Mechanisms:
  • A frog is NOT a fluid feeder.
  • Filter feeding is a form of food procurement where food particles or small organisms are randomly strained from water.
  • Sea stars and sea urchins use tube feet to acquire their food.
• Classification & Body Plans:
  • A characteristic NOT found in members of the animal kingdom is the possession of a cell wall.
  • The animal Phylum that typically does not have segmentation is Phylum Cnidaria (e.g., sea anemones).
  • Coelomates have a body cavity (coelom).
  • Cephalization occurs in all animals except simple radial animals like Sea anemones.
  • Animals like a Dog (vertebrates) have an endoskeleton.
  • Animals are not Autotrophic (they cannot produce their own food).
  • All animals have digestive tracts except Sponges.
• Dentition:
  • In herbivorous mammals, the upper canine has been replaced with a horny pad.
  • Carnassial teeth (for cutting/crushing bones) are formed by the last lower premolar and the first upper molar.
• Basic Cell Needs:
  • Every cell in the body needs to receive oxygen and nutrients.

III. Microbiology & Virology

• Bacteria:
  • Antibiotics are effective against Bacteria.
  • The primary mode of reproduction for bacteria is Binary Fission, which is a method of bacterial reproduction.
  • Traditional Subdivisions (Phyla/Classes) apply to Bacterial classification.
  • Major bacterial phyla include groups like Proteobacteria and Firmicutes.
• Viruses:
  • Herpesviridae is an example of a viral family classified based on genome type and replication strategy.
  • The Lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome (prophage).
  • A significant challenge in studying viruses is their immediate replication and destruction of the host cell.
  • Antibiotics are NOT antiviral drugs.
  • Examples of antiviral drugs include Acyclovir, Oseltamivir, Remdesivir, and Antiretrovirals.
  • An example of a viral genus is Simplexvirus.
  • Types of vaccines include Live attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, and mRNA vaccines.

IV. General Biology & Biochemistry

• Reproduction (General):
  • Common types of reproduction methods include Asexual, Sexual, and Vegetative Propagation.
  • Sexual reproduction involves both male and female gametes.
  • Sexual reproduction requires two organisms.
  • A zygote is a product of gametes fusion.
• Cell Structure & Function:
  • Plant cells can be distinguished from animal cells by their rigid cell wall.
  • Vacuoles in cells are primarily for storing water and nutrients and maintaining turgor pressure.
• Biochemistry (Macromolecules):
  • The most complex class of carbohydrates is Polysaccharides.
  • Maltose and lactose are examples of Oligosaccharides (specifically disaccharides).
  • The food class whose end product after digestion is amino acids is Proteins.
  • In lipid formation, one molecule of glycerol condenses with three molecules of fatty acids to form a triglyceride.
• Nutrition Types:
  • In chemosynthetic nutrition, primitive autotrophic prokaryotes use chemical energy (e.g., from H2S and CO2) to make carbohydrates.